Prevalencia de la discapacidad en España por Comunidades Autónomas: el papel de los factores individuales y del entorno geográfico en su variabilidad / Prevalence of the disability in Spain for autonomous communities: the paper of the individual factors and the geographical environment in the variability

Fundamento: La prevalencia de discapacidad en la poblacióngeneral presenta una gran variabilidad geográfica, de manera queidentificar aquellos factores que pudieran explicarla será importantepara la planificación de políticas sociales. En este trabajo se analizala variabilidad de la discapacidad por comunidades autónomasdesde una doble vertiente, los factores individuales y del entorno.Métodos: Los datos proceden principalmente de la Encuestade Discapacidad, Deficiencias y Estado de Salud de 1999 y delInebase, ambas del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). Secalculó la prevalencia de discapacidad simple y ajustada por edadde las CCAA. Se analizan los factores individuales asociados a ladiscapacidad mediante una regresión logística y los factores individualesy de la comunidad autónoma conjuntamente con unaregresión logística de dos niveles.Resultados: La prevalencia de discapacidad muestra una diferenciamáxima de 5,75 puntos entre las comunidades autónomas.En la regresión logística la comunidad de residencia fue estadísticamentesignificativa (OR: 3,35 en la de mayor prevalencia respectoa la de menor) junto con otras variables individuales: edad (ORde 40-64= 1,78 OR de 65-79= 1,87 y OR de >79= 3,34), sexo (ORmujer= 0,66), situación laboral (OR sin trabajo=2,25 OR amascasa/estudiante=1,39 y OR otros=2,03), estado de salud (OR regular=1,69 OR malo/muy malo= 2,05) y enfermedades crónicas (OR1-3=1,56 OR4-6=1,82 OR>6=2,59). En la regresión de dos niveleslas variables individuales explican poca varianza (s=0,261) y ningunade las variables relativas a las CCAA mejora el modelo.Conclusiones: Las características individuales no explicansuficientemente la variabilidad de la discapacidad entre CCAA yno se han identificado variables del entorno que sean significativas(AU)

Background: The prevalence of disability shows a highgeographical variability and the identification of factors that couldexplain these variations can be usuful to the heath and socialwelfare planning. Here the analysis of disability variations amongautonomous regions in Spain is made taking into accountindividual and geographical setting factors together.Methods: Data come from the Spanish Disability,Impairment and Health Status survey of 1999 and from Inebaseboth of the National Institute for Statistics. The prevalence ofdisability crude and adjusted by age was calculated for eachautonomous region. Individual factors related to disability areidentified by means of a logistic regression. The analysisaccounting for both, individual and geographical setting factorswas performed by means of a logistic regression of two levels.Results: Disability prevalence showed a maximum differenceof 5.75 points among regions. In a logistic regression the region ofresidence was statistically significant (OR: 3.35 in the highestrated region related to the lowest) beside several individual factors:age (OR 40-64= 1,78 OR 65-79= 1,87 and OR >79= 3,34), sex(OR women= 0,66), working status (OR unemployment=2,25 ORhousewife/student=1,39 y OR other=2,03), health status (ORregular= 1,69 OR bad/very bad= 2,05) and chronic diseases (OR1-3=1,56 OR 4-6=1,82 OR >6=2,59). Individual factors accountedfor a very few variance at the two levels regression model(s=0,261) and none of the regional variables improved the model.Conclusions: Individual factors do not explain enough theobserved disability variations among the regions and none factorrelated to the geographical setting has been identified asstatistically significant(AU)

[Differences in reproductive patterns between autochthonous and immigrant women living in Catalonia, Spain]. / Diferencias en el perfil reproductivo de mujeres autóctonas e inmigrantes residentes en Cataluña.

OBJECTIVE: To describe differences in reproductive patterns between autochthonous and immigrant women living in Catalonia (Spain). METHODS: Data on legal abortions were obtained from the abortions register in the Regional Ministry of Health, while data on births and the population were drawn from the Institute of Statistics of Catalonia. Depending on the source, the variables <> or <> were used to compose the groups. Rates of fertility and abortion by age were computed for 2005 and the women's sociodemographic characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 20.8% of the 79,504 births and 37.8% of the 16,798 abortions involved immigrant women, while 14.2% of pregnancies in autochthonous women and 27.7% of those in immigrant women terminated in abortion. Crude fertility and abortion rates were 1.4 and 3 times higher, respectively, in immigrant women. CONCLUSIONS: There are important differences in abortion and fertility rates, as well as in social and demographic patterns, between autochthonous and immigrant women.

Diferencias en el perfil reproductivo de mujeres autóctonas e inmigrantes residentes en Cataluña / Differences in reproductive patterns between autochthonous and immigrant women living in Catalonia, Spain

Objetivo: Describir el perfil reproductivo en las mujeres autóctonase inmigrantes residentes en Cataluña.Métodos: Los abortos proceden del Registro de interrupciónvoluntaria del embarazo (IVE) del Departament de Salut, y losnacimientos y la población del Institut d’Estadística de Catalunya.Se han usado las variables ®país de nacimiento» o ®nacionalidad», según la fuente, para agrupar. Se analizan lastasas de fecundidad y aborto por edad, y las característicassociodemográficas de las mujeres para el año 2005.Resultados: El 20,8% de los 79.504 nacimientos y el 37,8%de las 16.798 IVE fueron de mujeres inmigrantes. El14,2% de los embarazos de mujeres autóctonas y el 27,7%de los de mujeres inmigrantes terminan en aborto. Las tasabruta de fecundidad y aborto es 1,4 y 3 veces superior, respectivamente,en las mujeres inmigrantes.Conclusiones: Hay importantes diferencias en las tasas y enlas características sociodemográficas entre las mujeres autóctonasy las inmigrantes(AU)

Objective: To describe differences in reproductive patternsbetween autochthonous and immigrant women living in Catalonia(Spain).Methods: Data on legal abortions were obtained from theabortions register in the Regional Ministry of Health, while dataon births and the population were drawn from the Institute ofStatistics of Catalonia. Depending on the source, the variables®country of birth» or ®nationality» were used to composethe groups. Rates of fertility and abortion by age were computedfor 2005 and the women’s sociodemographiccharacteristics were analyzed.Results: A total of 20.8% of the 79,504 births and 37.8% ofthe 16,798 abortions involved immigrant women, while 14.2%of pregnancies in autochthonous women and 27.7% of thosein immigrant women terminated in abortion. Crude fertility andabortion rates were 1.4 and 3 times higher, respectively, in immigrantwomen.Conclusions: There are important differences in abortion andfertility rates, as well as in social and demographic patterns,between autochthonous and immigrant women(AU)

[Dependence profile in Spain: an analysis from the disability survey of 1999]. / El perfil de la dependencia en España: un análisis de la encuesta de discapacidades de 1999.

BACKGROUND: In the next future an important demographical ageing will imply a rise in the levels of co morbidity, disability and dependence of the population. The objective if this work was to estimate the dependences profile by means of assessing the levels of severity of the disability in the Spanish general population. METHODS: Data come from the disease, disability and health status survey of 1999 of the Spanish Institute for Statistics, which includes 36 limitations with an score of severity (from 0= absence to 4= unable). These limitations were grouped in five kinds of disability, the mean score of severity was computed for each one, and grouped in five levels of dependence. To check the relationship between limitations and severity an analysis of correspondence was performed. To identify the pattern of dependence a multiple correspondence and a clusters analysis were computed using the variables of age, sex, kind of disability and level of dependence. RESULTS: There is a relationship between severity and some limitations (being the limitation on daily activities associated to the highest severity). Five groups of dependent people were identified. Those with lower dependence were middle aged, men and having sensorial disabilities and those with higher dependence were mainly women, older than 80 and with disabilities on mobility and on the activities of daily living. CONCLUSIONS: There are five groups of dependent population and this study allows estimating its frequency among the general population what will be very useful to evaluate the amount of resources necessary to take care of them.

[Differences in disability-free life expectancy by gender and autonomous regions in Spain]. / Diferencias en la esperanza de vida libre de discapacidad por sexo y comunidades autónomas en España.

BACKGROUND: Improvement of population health is the main aim and an important challenge for the health system. To monitor the population health indicators like disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) have been implemented. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the geographical distribution of DFLE according to autonomous regions in Spain. METHODS: Data of mortality, population and disability for the year 1999, provided by the National Institute of Statistics (INE), were used. To calculate DFLE by gender and region we used the Sullivan method that weights the expected time to live according to the status of disablement of the population. The standard error of DFLE, the expectation of disability and the proportion of time lived free of disability have also been estimated. RESULTS: In 1999 the DFLE at birth in Spain was 68.5 year for men and 72.2 years in women. Men lived proportionally more time free of disability than women (91% versus 87.7%) with an expectation of disability of 6.8 and 10.1 years respectively. Variability among regions was higher in DFLE than in life expectancy (LE). The regions with highest LE are not always those with the highest proportion of time lived without disability. CONCLUSIONS: Highest life expectancy does not always mean best health as it has been assumed currently. The DFLE indicator is a useful tool to show health status differences among the Spanish population.

Diferencias en la esperanza de vida libre de discapacidad por sexo y Comunidades Autónomas en España / Differences in disability-free life expectancy by gender and autonomous regions in Spain

Fundamentos: La mejora de la salud de la población esel principal objetivo y el mayor reto del sistema sanitario ypara monitorizarla se dispone de indicadores como la esperanzade vida libre de discapacidad (EVLD). El objetivo esanalizar la distribución de este indicador por comunidadesautónomas (CCAA) en España.Métodos: Los datos de mortalidad, de población y de discapacidadpara el año 1999 proceden del INE. La EVLD seha calculado por el método de Sullivan, que pondera la tablade vida en función del estado de discapacidad, por sexo yCCAA. También se ha estimado el error estándar de laEVLD, la expectativa de discapacidad y la proporción deltiempo vivido libre de discapacidad.Resultados: En 1999 la EVLD al nacer fue de 68,5 años enhombres y de 72,2 años en mujeres. El tiempo vivido sin discapacidadesfue superior en hombres (91%) que en mujeres(87,7%) y la expectativa de discapacidad de 6,8 años y de 10,1años respectivamente. La diversidad entre comunidades es superioren la EVLD que en la esperanza de vida (EV). Las CCAAcon mayor esperanza de vida no coinciden siempre con las quetienen una mayor proporción de tiempo vivido sin discapacidad.Conclusiones: Una mayor EV no significa necesariamenteuna mejor salud, tal como se asume tradicionalmente.La EVLD es útil para evidenciar diferencias del estado desalud en la población española

Background: Improvement of population health is themain aim and an important challenge for the health system. Tomonitor the population health indicators like disability-freelife expectancy (DFLE) have been implemented. The purposeof this paper was to analyze the geographical distribution ofDFLE according to autonomous regions in Spain.Methods: Data of mortality, population and disability forthe year 1999, provided by the National Institute of Statistics(INE), were used. To calculate DFLE by gender and region weused the Sullivan method that weights the expected time to liveaccording to the status of disablement of the population. Thestandard error of DFLE, the expectation of disability and theproportion of time lived free of disability have also beenestimated.Results: In 1999 the DFLE at birth in Spain was 68.5 yearfor men and 72.2 years in women. Men lived proportionallymore time free of disability than women (91% versus 87.7%)with an expectation of disability of 6.8 and 10.1 yearsrespectively. Variability among regions was higher in DFLEthan in life expectancy (LE). The regions with highest LE arenot always those with the highest proportion of time livedwithout disability.Conclusions: Highest life expectancy does not alwaysmean best health as it has been assumed currently. The DFLEindicator is a useful tool to show health status differencesamong the Spanish population